Physics applications in
Medicine and Biology
Introduction:
In
this topic, we will talk about physics applications in medicine and biology.
In
medicine, we will talk about:
· Therapeutic Radiologic Physics
Program.
· X-Rays.
· Radiology Medical Diagnostic types and
their used.
· Nuclear Medicine.
In biology, we will talk about:
·
Energy applications of nanotechnology.
Therapeutic
Radiologic Physics Program
About
the Program:
The
Radiation Oncology Physics Residency Program is a two-year program designed for
individuals with a M.S. or Ph.D. degree in Medical Physics from
aCAMPEP-accredited graduate program, who seek post-graduate training in
clinical radiation oncology physics. The program's primary focus is on clinical
training in all aspects of radiation oncology physics. Residents who successfully
complete the program should be well-prepared for the certification examinations
in the specialty of Therapeutic Radiological Physics administered by the
American Board of Radiology.
The
Clinical Residency Program training involves full-time participation of the
physics resident in the clinical routine under the supervision of experienced
radiation oncology physicists.
Comprehensive training and experience is
provided in the areas of radiation safety, radiation machine calibration,
quality assurance, clinical dosimetry, treatment planning, treatment aid design
and fabrication, and brachytherapy.
The therapeutic radiologic physics residency
program consists of seven quarterly rotations over a period of two years.
Accreditation:
The
UF Health Cancer Center at Orlando Health therapeutic radiologic physics
residency program is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Medical
Physics Educational Programs (CAMPEP) through December 2012. Additional
information is available at CAMPEP's website and at the American Association of
Physicists in Medicine website.
Application
and Program Performance Information:
The
following program performance information is provided in accordance with CAMPEP
accreditation requirements. For the most recent application cycle for which
resident applications were accepted, June 2013, there was one applicant, who
was offered and accepted admission. One
resident graduated in 2013, and a former resident successfully completed
certification in Therapeutic Radiologic P.
X-Rays
Brief Background:
¡ X-rays
were first discovered accidentally by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895.
¡ X-rays are
waves of electromagnetic energy that have a shorter wavelength than normal
light.
¡ He
discovered that these new invisible rays could pass through most objects those
casted shadows including human tissue but not human bones and metals.
¡ Within a
year of the discovery many scientists replicated the experiment Röntgen
performed and began using it in clinical settings .
¡ In 1901
Röntgen won the first Nobel Prize in Physics.
How
They Were Discovered:
¡ Röntgen
discovered the new ray while working with a cathode tube in his laboratory.
¡ The tube
was a glass bulb that had positive and negative electrodes inside. When the air
was removed from the tube, and a high voltage was applied it produced a
florescent glow.
¡ To
further observe the rays he positioned a screen in front of the tube. He began
placing various objects between the screen and the tube that was emitting the
X-rays.
¡ He discovered
that the rays or “invisible light” passed right through pieces of black paper
and thin sheets of aluminum and copper but that the light did not pass through
blocks of lead and his bones and instead these objects casted shadows on the
screen. This is because these objects have higher density so there is less
space between their atoms for the rays to pass through.
Shortly
After the Discovery:
¡ Röntgen
began using his discovery to do his own X-rays on things such as his wife's
hand, and weights in a box.
¡ Other
scientists began to replicate the experiment because it was easy using a
cathode tube.
¡ Interest
in the rays began to increase and many magazines and newspapers began reporting
on them.
People were very fascinated by the discovery although a few feared it,
and that it would allow strangers to see through walls, which is now known to
be inaccurate.
Radiology
Medical Diagnostic types and their used
Since the discovery of the Radiology
X-ray x- ray by German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen before more than 100 years
and specifically in 1895, and science Radiology Evolving rapidly, especially in
the last 30 years, and have had to discover Radiology Since the beginning of
this century a significant impact in the areas of medical diagnosis and
developed applications Radiology And which kinds are used in therapeutic and
diagnostic.
Currently, in sections Radiology medical several types of scans both the
diagnostic or therapeutic area, which is usually a separate section of the
Department of Radiology , diagnostic Radiology treatment often used in the
treatment of cancerous tumors.
Types
of devices Radiology and their uses:
1. Rays
regular:
The rays are often used to portray
the different body parts, such as limbs, normal chest, skull, portraying
fractions, these give a normal x-ray film depending on portion size to be
filmed and the type of radiation used is x-ray, or ionizing radiation.
2.
Fluoroscopy endoscopes:
These also use x-ray or x-ray, the patient is usually
given colored dye taken by mouth to examine the digestive system or give to
patient intravenously for imaging kidneys and urinary or imaging veins, as well
as the type of radiation used in imaging the bladder and urinary tract with
injected colored directly in the bladder or the urinary tract, as well as
possible photographing of the uterus and the uterine ducts to diagnose the
causes of female infertility.
3. Your
mammography Mammography:
A special device is used to detect
and diagnose breast cancer and early detection of breast tumors could be
sampling these tumors when needed with the help of these devices, there is a
trend in many advanced countries to use this type of scans routinely to women
in SMEs and to assist in the early detection of breast cancer.
Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear medicine and the use of radioactive
isotopes:
The use of
radioactive materials (radioisotopes radioisotopes) in the medical field is one
of the latest advancements in modern medicine. Nuclear Medicine is the medical branch
which they are used radioactive isotopes to diagnose and treat some diseases of
others, has been named nuclear strikes relative to the nucleus of an atom, a
radiation emitted from the radioactive material source is nuclear medicine of
the newest technology applications in the medical field.
Radioactivity of radioactive materials:
Radioactivity
of radioactive materials Radioactivity is a self-decomposition of the nucleus
of an atom of radioactive material and this decomposition varies from substance
to another to give different types of radiation, such as gamma radiation or
beta radiation.
The article
defines the number of protons in its nucleus .
For example, if the corn nucleus
contains one proton is called a hydrogen atom, which contains two protons called the helium
atom, which has three protons called the lithium atom.
The use of radioactive materials for diagnostic:
Radioactive
materials are used in the estimation of the proportion of hormones and other
substances in the blood are also used in cases of radiological survey of the
many members of the human body and we will address it in some detail. Use of
radioactive isotopes in the estimation of the amount of certain substances,
drugs and hormones in the blood, using a device called a counter pulsed
Scintillation counter and by withdrawing a sample of the patient's blood and
the separation of serum (plasma) Serum and add the peer your article assigned to him
irradiated.
For example, in the estimation of the hormone thyroxin ratio, which
is produced by the thyroid gland using iodine 125 and then placed in a counting
device that pulsed through the computer connected to this device is read the
proportion of the presence of the substance in the blood and in a manner
calculations and graphs are calculated
estimate of the amount of the substance in the blood.
Energy applications of nanotechnology
Scientists and
engineers have been developing energy applications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology , a new field
in science, is any technology that contains components smaller than 100 nanometers. . An
important subfield of nanotechnology related to en is nanofabrication.
Nanofabrication is the process of designing and creating devices on the
nanoscale. The inherent
level of control that nanofabrication could give scientists and engineers would
be critical in providing the capability of solving many of the problems that
the world is facing today related to the current generation of energy
technologies. Benefits such as these make the
investment of capital in
the research and development of
nanotechnology a top priority.
Reduction of energy consumption:
A reduction of
energy consumption can be reached by better insulation systems, by the use of
more efficient lighting or combustion systems, and by use of lighter and
stronger materials in the transportation sector. Currently used light bulbs
only convert approximately 5% of the electrical energy into light.
Nanotechnological approaches like or quantum caged atoms (QCAs)
could lead to a strong reduction of
energy consumption for illumination.
Increasing the efficiency of energy production:
Today's best solar cells have layers of several
different semiconductors stacked together to
absorb light at different energies but they still only manage to use 40 percent
of the Sun's energy. Commercially available solar cells have much lower
efficiencies.
The degree of efficiency of
the internal
combustion engine is about 30-40% at
present. Nanotechnology could improve combustion by designing specific
catalysts with maximized surface area. In 2005, scientists at the University of Toronto developed a spray-on
nanoparticle substance that, when applied to a surface, instantly transforms it
into a solar collector.[3]
Nuclear Accident Cleanup and Waste Storage:
Nanomaterials deployed
by swarm robotics may be helpful for
decontaminating a site of a nuclear accident which poses hazards to humans
because of high levels of radiation and radioactive particles. Hot nuclear
compounds such as corium or melting fuel rods may be contained in
"bubbles" made from nanomaterials that are designed to isolate the
harmful effects of nuclear activity occurring inside of them from the outside
environment that organisms inhabit.
Economic benefits:
The relatively recent shift
toward using nanotechnology with respect to the capture, transfer, and storage
of energy has and will continue to have many positive economic impacts on
society. The control of materials that nanotechnology offers to scientists and
engineers of consumer products is one of the most important aspects of
nanotechnology. This allows for an improved efficiency of products across the
board.
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